Earth and Sun in Ved
The Vaidik Science tells us that Earth revolves round the Sun and has its invisible subtle axle which never gets rusted.
As regards the physical science, it is stated that the Sun never sets nor rises and it is the earth that rotates (Saam Ved 121).
Rig Ved describes that the Earth moves round in space and revolves around her Pitri - the Sun. Pitri in the Ved means father.
Metaphysically Usha Devee (dawn) and Prithvi Devi (mother Earth) have been mentioned as the daughters of Sun (Soorya Dev).
Formless Vaidik 33 Devtaa and Devee literally means Beings of light/Shining ones. In the Ved these are formless 33 forces of divine Nature (Prakriti) like Indra, Varun, Agni etc.

The human beings should protect the Earth revolving very fast like a deer, by observing and following the eternal laws of social, moral and physical order ordained by God and described as Rit in the Ved. Such brave people who observe and follow these Rit (Cosmic laws of Nature) help in the preservation of Earth (RV 5-75-11).

--Ved mention distance between the Sun and the Earth as 108 times of Sun's diameter.
and also 108 times Moon's diameter in respect of Moon and the earth. In the year 1990 and 91, the American scientists with the help of computers have found the actual distance as 107.6 and 110.5 times respectively against 108 times mentioned in the Ved.
(Indian Express Ambala edition 31-3-1993).
--Incidentally based on Vaidik metaphysics there are 108 main Upanishads and 108 beads in Vaijanteemaalaa of Vishnu.
Who puts "Shree Shree 108" before his name, he is a learned person who has studied 108 Upanishads. (Read the significance of Number 108)

It is the Sun which upholds the Earth. The Earth rotates very fast all the time owing to Sun’s gravitational force and it makes the Earth stable (Rig Ved,  1.103.2).

Dwaadashaaram Na Hi Tanjaraaya Vavarti Chakram Pari Dyaamritasya
Aa Putraa Agne Mithunaaso Atra Sapt Shataani Vinshtishch Tasthu:
(Rig Ved, 1.164.11)

Maas (Months)
Madhu - Maadhav is not the only name of the month mentioned in the Vaidik Literature as propagated by people. Taittireeya Sanhitaa refers to Madhu - Maadhav etc but Taittireeya Braahman refers to Arun - Arunraaj, Pundareek, Viswajit - Abhijit etc month names also.

Rig Ved as well as Atharv Ved Sages were fully aware of Adhik Maas
Atharv Ved, which co-exists with Rig Ved, as Rig Ved refers to Atharvan Rishi in it's Mantra, says -
Mantra - 5.6.4 :
Traiyodasho Maas Indrasya Graha:   (Meaning : 13'th month is the home of Indra).

Rig Ved Mantra - 1.25.8 :
Ved maaso Dhrit Vrato Dwaadash Prajavatah, Ved cha Upjayate
(Meaning : Varun knows about the 12 months used by Prajaa (people), he also knows about the 13'th month - Adhik Maas which originates by earlier 12 months.

Maas, Tithi, Nakshatra
Taittireeya Sanhitaa - 7.4.8
Ekaasht Kaayaam Deekshante Antanaamaanaavritoo Bhavatah Phaalgunee Poornmaase Deeksheranmukham
Vaa Etat Samvatsarasya Yat Phalgunee Maaso Mukhat Eva Samvatsarmaarabhya
Deekshente Tasye Kaiv Niryaa Yatsaam Medhye Vishoovaant Sampadyate Chitraa Poornmaase
Here three things are shown - Maas (Phaalgun), Tithi (Phaalgun), and Chitraa (Nakshatra)

Vaar (Weekdays) :
Ved have used term Vaasar for week days or Vaar. Rig Ved Mantra 8.6.30 refers to Vaasar -
Aadi Pratnasya Retaso Jyotish chasyanti Vaasaram, Paro Yaadidhyate Divaa

Yaagyavalkya Smriti says -
Ravih Somas-ta-tha Bhaumo Budho Geeshptireva Cha, Shukrah Shanaischarachaiva Varaaha Sapt Prakeertitah

Yug in Ved
See  Ved-Jyotish-2