(1) Kalp is the one of the six parts of Ved. It gives one the full knowledge of Karm, the procedures for the performance of religious ceremonies. They are like Yagya, Sanskaar etc. There are five Kalp - Nakshatra Kalp, Ved Kalp, Sanhitaa Kalp, Aangiras Kalp, and Shaanti Kalp.

(2) Kalp Vriksh

(3) A word in Sanskrit meaning "practicable, feasible, possible" and also "proper, fit, able" from the root Kalp "to be well ordered or regulated".

(4) Eon. or Epoch. According to Aangiras, p 101, a Kalp is Brahmaa's one day covering 4,320,000 years.

(5) According to Bhaagvat Puraan, 1,000 4-Yug or one Mahaa Yug period  makes up one Kalp. Every Kalp has 14 Manvantar in it. This is Brahmaa's day only, his night is also of the same time. Thus his one day and night is equal to two Kalp. Such 360 days (720 Kalp) make up his one year and his full age is of 100 years. His half age, 50 years, is called one Paraardh. Presently, one Paraardh has passed and the 28th Manvantar of the first Kalp of his second Paraardh of Brahmaa's age is continuing. In the beginning of the Kalp, this Creation is created and in the end of the Kalp it is destroyed. Then in the next Kalp Brahmaa will sleep and again in the next Kalp this Creation will be started. Thus Brahmaa creates this Creation in the morning and destroys at the end of his day. Then he rests for the same period and the strts his Creation again next morning - next Kalp.

There are 4 Yug - Sat, Tretaa, Dwaapar, and Kali. They are in the proportion of 4:3:2:1 thousands Divine-years:
Sat ........... 4,000 Divine-years + 800 years of Sandhyaa and Sandhyaansh)
Tretaa ..... 3,000 Divine-years + 600 years of Sandhyaa and Sandhyaansh)
Dwaapar .. 2,000 Divine-years + 400 years of Sandhyaa and Sandhyaansh)
Kali ........... 1,000 Divine-years + 200 years of Sandhyaa and Sandhyaansh)

Thus 8,640,000,000 Human-years = Brahmaa's one day+night
Thus 8,640,000,000 x 360 Divine-days = Brahmaa's one year
And since Brahmaa's age is 100 Divine-years

             4-Yug      = 4,320,000 Human-years
             1 Kalp      = 4,320,000,000 Human-years
             2 Kalp      = 8,640,000,000 Human-years = Brahmaa's one day and night
So Brahmaa's age = 8,640,000,000   x 360  days x 100 years =
   311,040 billion Human-years  OR   72,000 Kalp  OR  100 Divine-years   OR  36,000 Divine-days    

And beyond Tri-Lok - from Mahar Lok, to Tapah Lok, to Brahm Lok 1,000 Human 4-Yug period is one day and the same period of time, 1,000 Human 4-Yug, is one night in which Brahmaa Jee sleeps.
When Brahmaa Jee's night ends, then our Kalp starts on Prithvi, and it ends when Brahmaa Jee's day ends.

(1) Names of Kalp
Various scriptures give Various numbers of Kalp and various names for them.
(1) Matsya Puraan List No 1 gives 30 names of Kalp - 290.3-12
(2) I have also collected some names while reading scriptures, those are given in List 2.
(3) Vaayu Puraan (Ch 21) gives 28 different names of Kalp than Matsya Puraan Plus 5 more Kalp in its Ch 22.
(4) List 4 gives the names of Kalp from Ling Puraan.
 

(1) Names of 30 Kalp from Matsya Puraan

(2) Some More Names of Kalp From Various Other Scriptures
The following 20 names, collected just randomly by me while reading various scriptures, are found at various places in scriptures. They are given here alphabetically in the absence of the information of their sequential order.

(3) 34 Names of Kalp From Vaayu Puraan
The following list is copied from this site - http://texts.00.gs/kalpa-s.htm
Note: From No 11-16, 6 names are not on the list but are given below that list in a note found on another site http://www.dharmakshetra.com/literature/puranas/Vayu%20Purana.htm

(4) Names of 29 Kalp from Ling Puraan - 1:4:45-49
The following list is copied from this site - http://texts.00.gs/kalpa-s.htm